@article{c6bded60fab140768636fdc96eb66210,
title = "Cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviours in relation to longevity: a Mendelian randomization study",
abstract = "Background: The American Heart Association introduced the Life's Simple 7 initiative to improve cardiovascular health by modifying cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviours. It is unclear whether these risk factors are causally associated with longevity. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate causal associations of Life's Simple 7 modifiable risk factors, as well as sleep and education, with longevity using the two-sample Mendelian randomization design. Methods: Instrumental variables for the modifiable risk factors were obtained from large-scale genome-wide association studies. Data on longevity beyond the 90th survival percentile were extracted from a genome-wide association meta-analysis with 11,262 cases and 25,483 controls whose age at death or last contact was ≤ the 60th survival percentile. Results: Risk factors associated with a lower odds of longevity included the following: genetic liability to type 2 diabetes (OR 0.88; 95% CI: 0.84;0.92), genetically predicted systolic and diastolic blood pressure (per 1-mmHg increase: 0.96; 0.94;0.97 and 0.95; 0.93;0.97), body mass index (per 1-SD increase: 0.80; 0.74;0.86), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (per 1-SD increase: 0.75; 0.65;0.86) and smoking initiation (0.75; 0.66;0.85). Genetically increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (per 1-SD increase: 1.23; 1.08;1.41) and educational level (per 1-SD increase: 1.64; 1.45;1.86) were associated with a higher odds of longevity. Fasting glucose and other lifestyle factors were not significantly associated with longevity. Conclusion: Most of the Life's Simple 7 modifiable risk factors are causally related to longevity. Prevention strategies should focus on modifying these risk factors and reducing education inequalities to improve cardiovascular health and longevity.",
keywords = "cardiovascular risk factors, instrumental variable analysis, lifestyle, longevity, Mendelian randomization",
author = "{van Oort}, S. and Beulens, {J. W.J.} and {van Ballegooijen}, {A. J.} and S. Burgess and Larsson, {S. C.}",
note = "Funding Information: This work was supported by the Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute [two personal travel grants to S.O.], the Swedish Research Council [Vetenskapsr?det; 2019-00977 to S.C.L.], and the Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society [204623/Z/16/Z to S.B.]. This work was supported by funding from the National Institute for Health Research [Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre at the Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust]. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, the National Institute for Health Research or the Department of Health and Social Care. The funding bodies had no role in the design of the study, the collection, analysis and interpretation of data, or in writing the manuscript. We gratefully acknowledge the authors and participants of all GWAS from which we used summary statistics data. Funding Information: This work was supported by the Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute [two personal travel grants to S.O.], the Swedish Research Council [Vetenskapsr{\aa}det; 2019‐00977 to S.C.L.], and the Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society [204623/Z/16/Z to S.B.]. This work was supported by funding from the National Institute for Health Research [Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre at the Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust]. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, the National Institute for Health Research or the Department of Health and Social Care. The funding bodies had no role in the design of the study, the collection, analysis and interpretation of data, or in writing the manuscript. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 The Authors. Journal of Internal Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Association for Publication of The Journal of Internal Medicine Copyright: Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.",
year = "2021",
month = feb,
doi = "10.1111/joim.13196",
language = "English",
volume = "289",
pages = "232--243",
journal = "Journal of Internal Medicine",
issn = "0954-6820",
publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell",
number = "2",
}