TY - JOUR
T1 - Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and digestible carbohydrate intake are not associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in eight European countries
AU - Sluijs, Ivonne
AU - Beulens, Joline W.J.
AU - Van Der Schouw, Yvonne T.
AU - Van Der A, Daphne L.
AU - Buckland, Genevieve
AU - Kuijsten, Anneleen
AU - Schulze, Matthias B.
AU - Amiano, Pilar
AU - Ardanaz, Eva
AU - Balkau, Beverley
AU - Boeing, Heiner
AU - Gavrila, Diana
AU - Grote, Verena A.
AU - Key, Timothy J.
AU - Li, Kuanrong
AU - Nilsson, Peter
AU - Overvad, Kim
AU - Palli, Domenico
AU - Panico, Salvatore
AU - Quiŕos, J. R.
AU - Rolandsson, Olov
AU - Roswall, Nina
AU - Sacerdote, Carlotta
AU - Śanchez, Maŕa Jośe
AU - Sieri, Sabina
AU - Slimani, Nadia
AU - Spijkerman, Annemieke M.W.
AU - Tjønneland, Anne
AU - Tumino, Rosario
AU - Sharp, Stephen J.
AU - Langenberg, Claudia
AU - Feskens, Edith J.M.
AU - Forouhi, Nita G.
AU - Riboli, Elio
AU - Wareham, Nicholas J.
PY - 2013/1/1
Y1 - 2013/1/1
N2 - The association of glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) with the risk of type 2 diabetes remains unclear. We investigated associations of dietary GI, GL, and digestible carbohydrate with incident type 2 diabetes.We performed a case-cohort study nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study, including a random subcohort (n = 16,835) and incident type 2 diabetes cases (n = 12,403). The median follow-up time was 12 y. Baseline dietary intakes were assessed using countryspecific dietary questionnaires. Country-specific HR were calculated and pooled using random effects meta-analysis. Dietary GI, GL,and digestible carbohydrate in the subcohortwere (mean± SD) 56± 4, 127± 23, and 226± 36 g/d, respectively. After adjustment for confounders, GI and GL were not associated with incident diabetes [HR highest vs. lowest quartile (HRQ4) forGI: 1.05 (95%CI=0.96, 1.16); HRQ4 for GL: 1.07 (95%CI = 0.95, 1.20)]. Digestible carbohydrate intake was not associated with incident diabetes[HRQ4: 0.98 (95% CI = 0.86, 1.10)]. In additional analyses, we found that discrepancies in the GI value assignment to foods possibly explain differences in GI associationswith diabeteswithin the same study population. In conclusion, an expansion of the GI tables and systematic GI value assignment to foods may be needed to improve the validity of GI values derived in such studies, after which GI associations may need reevaluation. Our study shows that digestible carbohydrate intake is not associated with diabetes risk and suggests that diabetes risk with high-GI and -GL diets may be more modest than initial studies suggested.
AB - The association of glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) with the risk of type 2 diabetes remains unclear. We investigated associations of dietary GI, GL, and digestible carbohydrate with incident type 2 diabetes.We performed a case-cohort study nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study, including a random subcohort (n = 16,835) and incident type 2 diabetes cases (n = 12,403). The median follow-up time was 12 y. Baseline dietary intakes were assessed using countryspecific dietary questionnaires. Country-specific HR were calculated and pooled using random effects meta-analysis. Dietary GI, GL,and digestible carbohydrate in the subcohortwere (mean± SD) 56± 4, 127± 23, and 226± 36 g/d, respectively. After adjustment for confounders, GI and GL were not associated with incident diabetes [HR highest vs. lowest quartile (HRQ4) forGI: 1.05 (95%CI=0.96, 1.16); HRQ4 for GL: 1.07 (95%CI = 0.95, 1.20)]. Digestible carbohydrate intake was not associated with incident diabetes[HRQ4: 0.98 (95% CI = 0.86, 1.10)]. In additional analyses, we found that discrepancies in the GI value assignment to foods possibly explain differences in GI associationswith diabeteswithin the same study population. In conclusion, an expansion of the GI tables and systematic GI value assignment to foods may be needed to improve the validity of GI values derived in such studies, after which GI associations may need reevaluation. Our study shows that digestible carbohydrate intake is not associated with diabetes risk and suggests that diabetes risk with high-GI and -GL diets may be more modest than initial studies suggested.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84872189313&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3945/jn.112.165605
DO - 10.3945/jn.112.165605
M3 - Article
C2 - 23190759
AN - SCOPUS:84872189313
VL - 143
SP - 93
EP - 99
JO - The Journal of nutrition
JF - The Journal of nutrition
SN - 0022-3166
IS - 1
ER -