@article{3e74a4a8c92b41d8acdd1a5f86d1a3c4,
title = "Early-Life Colonization by Anelloviruses in Infants",
abstract = "Anelloviruses (AVs) are found in the vast majority of the human population and are most probably part of a healthy virome. These viruses infect humans in the early stage of life, however, the characteristics of the first colonizing AVs are still unknown. We screened a collection of 107 blood samples from children between 0.4 and 64.8 months of age for the presence of three AV genera: the Alpha-, Beta-and Gammatorquevirus. The youngest child that was positive for AV was 1.2 months old, and a peak in prevalence (100% of samples positive) was reached between the twelfth and eighteenth months of life. Intriguingly, the beta-and gammatorqueviruses were detected most at the early stage of life (up to 12 months), whereas alphatorqueviruses, the most common AVs in adults, increased in prevalence in children older than 12 months. To determine whether that order of colonization may be related to oral transmission and unequal presence of AV genera in breast milk, we examined 63 breast milk samples. Thirty-two percent of the breast milk samples were positive in a qPCR detecting beta-and gammatorqueviruses, while alphatorqueviruses were detected in 10% of the samples, and this difference was significant (p = 0.00654). In conclusion, we show that beta-and gammatorqueviruses colonize humans in the first months of life and that breastfeeding could play a role in AV transmission.",
keywords = "Alphatorquevirus, Anelloviridae, Anelloviruses, Betatorquevirus, Breast milk, Early-life infections, Gammatorquevirus, Mother-to-child transmission",
author = "Joanna Kaczorowska and Aurelija Cicilionytė and Timmerman, {Anne L.} and Martin Deijs and Jebbink, {Maarten F.} and {van Goudoever}, {Johannes B.} and {van Keulen}, {Britt J.} and Margreet Bakker and {van der Hoek}, Lia",
note = "Funding Information: Funding: This work was supported by a grant from the European Union{\textquoteright}s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, under the Marie Sk{\l}odowska-Curie Actions grant agreement No. 721367 (HONOURs) and Amsterdam UMC funding connected to HONOURs. Funding Information: Institutional Review Board Statement: The children{\textquoteright}s blood samples were obtained from the clinic of the Amsterdam University Medical Center (location AMC) of the University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The legal guardians of each child approved the use of the blood samples for scientific purposes. The surplus of milk donated to the Dutch Human Milk Bank was used in the experiments. Each individual donor approved the use of their surplus milk for scientific purposes by means of a written declaration. The process was approved by the Institutional Review Board of VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (approval code: NL37296.029.11, approval date: 4 January 2012). The samples from HIV-1 positive subjects were obtained from The Amsterdam Cohort Studies on HIV infection and AIDS, a collaboration between the Public Health Service Amsterdam, the Amsterdam UMC of the University of Amsterdam, Medical Center Jan van Goyen and the HIV Focus Center of the DC-Clinics, are part of the Netherlands HIV Monitoring Foundation and financially supported by the Center for Infectious Disease Control of the Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment. The Amsterdam Cohort Studies on HIV infection and AIDS were approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Amsterdam University Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands (MEC 07/182). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022, MDPI. All rights reserved.",
year = "2022",
month = may,
day = "1",
doi = "10.3390/v14050865",
language = "English",
volume = "14",
journal = "Viruses",
issn = "1999-4915",
publisher = "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute",
number = "5",
}