@article{a6ec4e72871f46f88479103a56456360,
title = "Race, sex, and mid-life changes in brain health: Cardia MRI substudy",
abstract = "Objective: To examine longitudinal race and sex differences in mid-life brain health and to evaluate whether cardiovascular health (CVH) or apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 explain differences. Methods: The study included 478 Black and White participants (mean age: 50 years). Total (TBV), gray (GMV), white (WMV), and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volumes and GM–cerebral blood flow (CBF) were acquired with 3T-magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and 5-year follow-up. Analyses were based on general linear models. Results: There were race x sex interactions for GMV (P-interaction =.004) and CBF (P-interaction =.01) such that men showed more decline than women, and this was most evident in Blacks. Blacks compared to Whites had a significantly greater increase in WMH (P =.002). All sex–race differences in change were marginally attenuated by CVH and APOE ε4. Conclusion: Race–sex differences in brain health emerge by mid-life. Identifying new environmental factors beyond CVH is needed to develop early interventions to maintain brain health.",
keywords = "brain health, cardiovascular health, magnetic resonance imaging, race, sex",
author = "Moonen, {Justine E. F.} and Nasrallah, {Ilya M.} and Detre, {John A.} and Sudipto Dolui and Guray Erus and Christos Davatzikos and Osorio Meirelles and Bryan, {R. Nick} and Launer, {Lenore J.}",
note = "Funding Information: The authors thank all CARDIA participants, investigators, and field centers for their contributions to the study. They also thank Lisa Desiderio for managing the Neuroradiology Clinical Research and the MRI reading center of the Department of Radiology at the University of Pennsylvania. Funding Information: J.E.F. Moonen, G. Erus, and O. Meirelles report no relevant disclosures. I.M. Nasrallah has received grants or contracts of the Foundation of the ASNR, NIH, all paid to the University of Pennsylvania Health System and has received consulting fees from Biogen. J.A. Detre has received NIH grants, paid to the University of Pennsylvania Health System; has received payments for consulting on grant proposal reviews or research expertise of NIH, VA University of Utah, CHDI foundation, Bayer Hura CuraSen Autobahn; has received travel support for UNICAMP Brazil, to attend a workshop MGH, to serve on an advisory board; has visiting students and fellows in his lab supported by their home institutions. S. Dolui has received NIH Grant R03AG063213. C. Davatzikos received the RF1AG054409 grant, which was paid to the University of Pennsylvania. N.R. Bryan received 5R01AG058969‐02 to Wake Forest University and 1DP3DK114812‐01 to Winthrop University; R01AG054069‐01 to Wake Forest University; R01AG054435‐01A1, NIH; 1R01HL127659‐01 to the University of Washington; R01 AG062819‐01A1, NIH; Funding opportunity: PAR‐19‐070 in combination with NOT‐AG‐18‐053; and no personal payments; has held a position at GalileoCDS, Inc. board of directors (no financial compensation). L.J. Launer reports that the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA) is supported by contracts HHSN268201800003I, HHSN268201800004I, HHSN268201800005I, HHSN268201800006I, and HHSN268201800007I from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). CARDIA was also partially supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Aging (NIA) and an intra‐agency agreement between NIA and NHLBI (AG0005). This study was further supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), EB015893, MH080729, and R03 AG063213. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 The Authors. Alzheimer's & Dementia published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Alzheimer's Association.",
year = "2022",
month = dec,
doi = "10.1002/alz.12560",
language = "English",
volume = "18",
pages = "2428--2437",
journal = "Alzheimers & Dementia",
issn = "1552-5260",
publisher = "Elsevier",
number = "12",
}