TY - JOUR
T1 - Refining Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder Genetic Loci by Integrating Summary Data From Genome-wide Association, Gene Expression, and DNA Methylation Studies
AU - Hammerschlag, Anke R.
AU - Byrne, Enda M.
AU - Agbessi, Mawussé
AU - Ahsan, Habibul
AU - Alves, Isabel
AU - Andiappan, Anand
AU - Arindrarto, Wibowo
AU - Awadalla, Philip
AU - Battle, Alexis
AU - Beutner, Frank
AU - Bonder, Marc Jan
AU - Boomsma, Dorret I.
AU - Christiansen, Mark
AU - Claringbould, Annique
AU - Deelen, Patrick
AU - Esko, Tõnu
AU - Favé, Marie Julie
AU - Franke, Lude
AU - Frayling, Timothy
AU - Gharib, Sina A.
AU - Gibson, Gregory
AU - Heijmans, Bastiaan T.
AU - Hemani, Gibran
AU - Jansen, Rick
AU - Kähönen, Mika
AU - Kalnapenkis, Anette
AU - Kasela, Silva
AU - Kettunen, Johannes
AU - Kim, Yungil
AU - Kirsten, Holger
AU - Kovacs, Peter
AU - Krohn, Knut
AU - Kronberg-Guzman, Jaanika
AU - Kukushkina, Viktorija
AU - Kutalik, Zoltan
AU - Lee, Bernett
AU - Lehtimäki, Terho
AU - Loeffler, Markus
AU - Marigorta, Urko M.
AU - Mei, Hailang
AU - Milani, Lili
AU - Montgomery, Grant W.
AU - Müller-Nurasyid, Martina
AU - Nauck, Matthias
AU - Nivard, Michel
AU - Penninx, Brenda
AU - Perola, Markus
AU - Pervjakova, Natalia
AU - Pierce, Brandon L.
AU - Powell, Joseph
AU - Prokisch, Holger
AU - Psaty, Bruce M.
AU - Raitakari, Olli T.
AU - Ripatti, Samuli
AU - Rotzschke, Olaf
AU - Rüeger, Sina
AU - Saha, Ashis
AU - Scholz, Markus
AU - Schramm, Katharina
AU - Seppälä, Ilkka
AU - Slagboom, P. Eline
AU - Stehouwer, Coen D.A.
AU - Stumvoll, Michael
AU - Sullivan, Patrick
AU - ‘t Hoen, Peter A.C.
AU - Teumer, Alexander
AU - Thiery, Joachim
AU - Tong, Lin
AU - Tönjes, Anke
AU - van Dongen, Jenny
AU - van Iterson, Maarten
AU - van Meurs, Joyce
AU - Veldink, Jan H.
AU - Verlouw, Joost
AU - Visscher, Peter M.
AU - Völker, Uwe
AU - Võsa, Urmo
AU - Westra, Harm Jan
AU - Wijmenga, Cisca
AU - Yaghootkar, Hanieh
AU - Yang, Jian
AU - Zeng, Biao
AU - Zhang, Futao
AU - Isaacs, Aaron
AU - Pool, René
AU - Hottenga, Jouke J.
AU - van Greevenbroek, Marleen MJ
AU - van der Kallen, Carla J.H.
AU - Schalkwijk, Casper G.
AU - Zhernakova, Sasha
AU - Tigchelaar, Ettje F.
AU - Slagboom, P. Eline
AU - Beekman, Marian
AU - Deelen, Joris
AU - van Heemst, Diana
AU - van den Berg, Leonard H.
AU - van Duijn, Cornelia M.
AU - Hofman, Bert A.
AU - Uitterlinden, André G.
AU - Jhamai, P. Mila
AU - Verbiest, Michael
AU - Suchiman, H. Eka D.
AU - Verkerk, Marijn
AU - van der Breggen, Ruud
AU - van Rooij, Jeroen
AU - Lakenberg, Nico
AU - van Galen, Michiel
AU - Bot, Jan
AU - Zhernakova, Daria V.
AU - Hof, Peter van ‘t
AU - Nooren, Irene
AU - Moed, Matthijs
AU - Vermaat, Martijn
AU - Luijk, René
AU - van Dijk, Freerk
AU - Kielbasa, Szymon M.
AU - Swertz, Morris A.
AU - van Zwet, Erik W.
AU - Hoen, Peter Bram ‘t
AU - Bartels, Meike
AU - Wray, Naomi R.
AU - Middeldorp, Christel M.
AU - eQTLGen Consortium
AU - BIOS Consortium
PY - 2020/9/15
Y1 - 2020/9/15
N2 - Background: Recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) identified the first genetic loci associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The next step is to use these results to increase our understanding of the biological mechanisms involved. Most of the identified variants likely influence gene regulation. The aim of the current study is to shed light on the mechanisms underlying the genetic signals and prioritize genes by integrating GWAS results with gene expression and DNA methylation (DNAm) levels. Methods: We applied summary-data–based Mendelian randomization to integrate ADHD and ASD GWAS data with fetal brain expression and methylation quantitative trait loci, given the early onset of these disorders. We also analyzed expression and methylation quantitative trait loci datasets of adult brain and blood, as these provide increased statistical power. We subsequently used summary-data–based Mendelian randomization to investigate if the same variant influences both DNAm and gene expression levels. Results: We identified multiple gene expression and DNAm levels in fetal brain at chromosomes 1 and 17 that were associated with ADHD and ASD, respectively, through pleiotropy at shared genetic variants. The analyses in brain and blood showed additional associated gene expression and DNAm levels at the same and additional loci, likely because of increased statistical power. Several of the associated genes have not been identified in ADHD and ASD GWASs before. Conclusions: Our findings identified the genetic variants associated with ADHD and ASD that likely act through gene regulation. This facilitates prioritization of candidate genes for functional follow-up studies.
AB - Background: Recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) identified the first genetic loci associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The next step is to use these results to increase our understanding of the biological mechanisms involved. Most of the identified variants likely influence gene regulation. The aim of the current study is to shed light on the mechanisms underlying the genetic signals and prioritize genes by integrating GWAS results with gene expression and DNA methylation (DNAm) levels. Methods: We applied summary-data–based Mendelian randomization to integrate ADHD and ASD GWAS data with fetal brain expression and methylation quantitative trait loci, given the early onset of these disorders. We also analyzed expression and methylation quantitative trait loci datasets of adult brain and blood, as these provide increased statistical power. We subsequently used summary-data–based Mendelian randomization to investigate if the same variant influences both DNAm and gene expression levels. Results: We identified multiple gene expression and DNAm levels in fetal brain at chromosomes 1 and 17 that were associated with ADHD and ASD, respectively, through pleiotropy at shared genetic variants. The analyses in brain and blood showed additional associated gene expression and DNAm levels at the same and additional loci, likely because of increased statistical power. Several of the associated genes have not been identified in ADHD and ASD GWASs before. Conclusions: Our findings identified the genetic variants associated with ADHD and ASD that likely act through gene regulation. This facilitates prioritization of candidate genes for functional follow-up studies.
KW - eQTL
KW - Fetal brain
KW - mQTL
KW - Pleiotropy
KW - Psychiatric disorders
KW - SMR
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85087993442&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.05.002
DO - 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.05.002
M3 - Article
C2 - 32684367
AN - SCOPUS:85087993442
VL - 88
SP - 470
EP - 479
JO - Biological Psychiatry
JF - Biological Psychiatry
SN - 0006-3223
IS - 6
ER -