Abstract
Background: Glucocorticoids (GCs) in breastmilk follow the maternal hypothalamus– pituitary–adrenal axis activity and may affect the offspring’s growth and neurodevelopment. There is some evidence suggesting that macronutrients in breastmilk also fluctuate throughout the day. We aimed to research whether GCs and macronutrients are correlated in multiple breastmilk samples obtained over a 24-h period. Methods: A total of 10 mothers provided 45 breastmilk samples collected over a 24-h period. Cortisol and cortisone levels were determined by LC–MS/MS, and macronutrients were measured with mid-infrared spectroscopy. Correlations between breastmilk GCs and macronutrients were assessed with Pearson correlations and linear mixed models. Results: No associations were found between breastmilk GCs and macronutrients (cortisol: β-0.1 (95% confidence interval: −1.0 to 0.7), −4.9 (−12.9 to 3.1) for fat, protein, and carbohydrates, respectively; and −0.3 (−5.6 to 5.0) and cortisone: 0.0 (−2.5 to 2.5), −17.4 (−39.8 to 5.0), and −2.7 (−17.7 to 12.3)) for fat, protein, and carbohydrates, respectively. Adjusting for the time of collection to account for GC rhythmicity did not change the results. Conclusion: We found no associations between GCs and macronutrients in human breastmilk. The excretion of GCs in breastmilk and the effects of breastmilk GCs on offspring are, therefore, likely independent of the excretion and effects of the macronutrients.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal | Nutrients |
| Volume | 11 |
| Issue number | 2 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 1 Feb 2019 |
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The Association between Breastmilk Glucocorticoid Concentrations and Macronutrient Contents Throughout the Day. / Hollanders, Jonneke J.; Kouwenhoven, Stefanie M. P.; van der Voorn, Bibian; van Goudoever, Johannes B.; Rotteveel, Joost; Finken, Martijn J. J.
In: Nutrients, Vol. 11, No. 2, 01.02.2019.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review
TY - JOUR
T1 - The Association between Breastmilk Glucocorticoid Concentrations and Macronutrient Contents Throughout the Day
AU - Hollanders, Jonneke J.
AU - Kouwenhoven, Stefanie M. P.
AU - van der Voorn, Bibian
AU - van Goudoever, Johannes B.
AU - Rotteveel, Joost
AU - Finken, Martijn J. J.
PY - 2019/2/1
Y1 - 2019/2/1
N2 - Background: Glucocorticoids (GCs) in breastmilk follow the maternal hypothalamus– pituitary–adrenal axis activity and may affect the offspring’s growth and neurodevelopment. There is some evidence suggesting that macronutrients in breastmilk also fluctuate throughout the day. We aimed to research whether GCs and macronutrients are correlated in multiple breastmilk samples obtained over a 24-h period. Methods: A total of 10 mothers provided 45 breastmilk samples collected over a 24-h period. Cortisol and cortisone levels were determined by LC–MS/MS, and macronutrients were measured with mid-infrared spectroscopy. Correlations between breastmilk GCs and macronutrients were assessed with Pearson correlations and linear mixed models. Results: No associations were found between breastmilk GCs and macronutrients (cortisol: β-0.1 (95% confidence interval: −1.0 to 0.7), −4.9 (−12.9 to 3.1) for fat, protein, and carbohydrates, respectively; and −0.3 (−5.6 to 5.0) and cortisone: 0.0 (−2.5 to 2.5), −17.4 (−39.8 to 5.0), and −2.7 (−17.7 to 12.3)) for fat, protein, and carbohydrates, respectively. Adjusting for the time of collection to account for GC rhythmicity did not change the results. Conclusion: We found no associations between GCs and macronutrients in human breastmilk. The excretion of GCs in breastmilk and the effects of breastmilk GCs on offspring are, therefore, likely independent of the excretion and effects of the macronutrients.
AB - Background: Glucocorticoids (GCs) in breastmilk follow the maternal hypothalamus– pituitary–adrenal axis activity and may affect the offspring’s growth and neurodevelopment. There is some evidence suggesting that macronutrients in breastmilk also fluctuate throughout the day. We aimed to research whether GCs and macronutrients are correlated in multiple breastmilk samples obtained over a 24-h period. Methods: A total of 10 mothers provided 45 breastmilk samples collected over a 24-h period. Cortisol and cortisone levels were determined by LC–MS/MS, and macronutrients were measured with mid-infrared spectroscopy. Correlations between breastmilk GCs and macronutrients were assessed with Pearson correlations and linear mixed models. Results: No associations were found between breastmilk GCs and macronutrients (cortisol: β-0.1 (95% confidence interval: −1.0 to 0.7), −4.9 (−12.9 to 3.1) for fat, protein, and carbohydrates, respectively; and −0.3 (−5.6 to 5.0) and cortisone: 0.0 (−2.5 to 2.5), −17.4 (−39.8 to 5.0), and −2.7 (−17.7 to 12.3)) for fat, protein, and carbohydrates, respectively. Adjusting for the time of collection to account for GC rhythmicity did not change the results. Conclusion: We found no associations between GCs and macronutrients in human breastmilk. The excretion of GCs in breastmilk and the effects of breastmilk GCs on offspring are, therefore, likely independent of the excretion and effects of the macronutrients.
KW - carbohydrates
KW - circadian rhythm
KW - cortisol
KW - cortisone
KW - diurnal rhythm
KW - fat
KW - glucocorticoids
KW - human milk
KW - macronutrients
KW - protein
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85060517582&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/nu11020259
DO - 10.3390/nu11020259
M3 - Article
VL - 11
JO - Nutrients
JF - Nutrients
SN - 2072-6643
IS - 2
ER -